Scenario studies on soil acidification at different spatial scales

Three dynamic soil acidification models have been developed for application on local, national and continental (European) scales, namely NUCSAM, RESAM and SMART. This paper gives an overview of results of various model validation and scenario studies for the effects of SOx, NOx and NHx deposition on soils. Furthermore, the various strong and weak points of the models are evaluated in terms of uncertainties in model predictions, the use of the models in acidification abatement policies, and the limitations and possibilities of using the models in other scenario studies, such as changes in land use, hydrology and heavy-metal deposition