APPLICATION OF MODULATED CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE AND MODULATED CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE IMAGING IN STUDYING ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES EFFECT

<span lang="EN-GB">Chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence is a widely used tool to monitor the photosynthetic process in plants subjected to environmental stresses.<br />this review reports the theoretical bases of Chl fluorescence, and the significance of the most important Chl fluorescence parameters. it also reports<br />how these parameters can be utilised to estimate changes in photosystem ii (PSII) photochemistry, linear electron flux and energy dissipation<br />mechanisms. the relation between actual PSII photochemistry and CO2 assimilation is discussed, as is the role of photochemical and<br />non-photochemical quenching in inducing changes in PSII activity. the application of Chl fluorescence imaging to study heterogeneity on leaf<br />lamina is also considered. this review summarises only some of the results obtained by this methodology to study the effects of different<br />environmental stresses, namely water and nutrients availability, pollutants, temperature and salinity.