Conclusions on the management of heart failure

Activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is increased in heart failure. Agents which act on the RAAS can be expected to benefit these patients. Recent trials which have furthered our understanding of drugs which are of benefit in heart failure — angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, β-blockers and aldosterone antagonists — are discussed. It is desirable to use multiple agents for best results in patients with heart failure. New European Society of Cardiology guidelines on the management of heart failure are expected later this year