Mechanisms underlying the dualistic mode of action of major soy isoflavones in relation to cell proliferation and cancer risks

Isoflavones are phytoestrogens that have been linked to both beneficial as well as adverse effects in relation to cell proliferation and cancer risks. The present article presents an overview of these seemingly contradicting health effects and of mechanisms that could be involved in this dualistic mode of action. One mechanism relates to the different ultimate cellular effects of activation of estrogen receptor (ER) a, promoting cell proliferation, and of ERß, promoting apoptosis, with the major soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein activating especially ERß. A second mode of action includes the role of epigenetics, including effects of isoflavones on DNA methylation, histone modification and miRNA expression patterns. The overview presented reveals that we are only at the start of unraveling the complex underlying mode of action for effects of isoflavones, both beneficial or adverse, on cell proliferation and cancer risks. It is evident that whatever model system will be applied, its relevance to human tissues with respect to ERa and ERß levels, co-repressor and co-activator characteristics as well as its relevance to human exposure regimens, needs to be considered and define