Tests with vertebrates are an integral part of environmental hazard identification and risk assessment of chemicals, plant protection products, pharmaceuticals, biocides, feed additives and effluents. These tests raise ethical and economic concerns and are considered as inappropriate for assessing all of the substances and effluents that require regulatory testing. Hence, there is a strong demand for replacement, reduction and refinement strategies and methods. However, until now alternative approaches have only rarely been used in regulatory settings. This review provides an overview on current regulations of chemicals and the requirements for animal tests in environmental hazard and risk assessment. It aims to highlight the potential area...
Species sensitivity evaluation represents an approach to avoid chronic toxicity testing of aquatic v...
Increasing public concern about the use of large numbers of animals in the safety evaluation of new ...
Safety assessment of chemicals and products in the European Union (EU) is based on decades of practi...
Tests with vertebrates are an integral part of environmental hazard identification and risk assessme...
The need for alternative approaches to the use of vertebrate animals for hazard assessing chemicals ...
Animal alternative tests are gaining serious consideration in an array of environmental sciences, pa...
EU regulations call for the use of alternative methods to animal testing. During the last decade, an...
Animal alternatives research has historically focused on human safety assessments and has only recen...
Since the 1940s, effluent toxicity testing has been used to assess potential ecological impacts of e...
The current and future expansion of aquaculture production appears to be only manageable by using ve...
There is growing public pressure to minimize the use of vertebrates in ecotoxicity testing; therefor...
Information about acute fish toxicity is routinely required in many jurisdictions for environmental ...
Amphibians and reptiles are the two most endangered groups of vertebrates. Environmental pollution b...
The assessment of aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation are important components of the environmental...
With rapidly increasing knowledge of toxicological processes, the scientific value and relevance of ...
Species sensitivity evaluation represents an approach to avoid chronic toxicity testing of aquatic v...
Increasing public concern about the use of large numbers of animals in the safety evaluation of new ...
Safety assessment of chemicals and products in the European Union (EU) is based on decades of practi...
Tests with vertebrates are an integral part of environmental hazard identification and risk assessme...
The need for alternative approaches to the use of vertebrate animals for hazard assessing chemicals ...
Animal alternative tests are gaining serious consideration in an array of environmental sciences, pa...
EU regulations call for the use of alternative methods to animal testing. During the last decade, an...
Animal alternatives research has historically focused on human safety assessments and has only recen...
Since the 1940s, effluent toxicity testing has been used to assess potential ecological impacts of e...
The current and future expansion of aquaculture production appears to be only manageable by using ve...
There is growing public pressure to minimize the use of vertebrates in ecotoxicity testing; therefor...
Information about acute fish toxicity is routinely required in many jurisdictions for environmental ...
Amphibians and reptiles are the two most endangered groups of vertebrates. Environmental pollution b...
The assessment of aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation are important components of the environmental...
With rapidly increasing knowledge of toxicological processes, the scientific value and relevance of ...
Species sensitivity evaluation represents an approach to avoid chronic toxicity testing of aquatic v...
Increasing public concern about the use of large numbers of animals in the safety evaluation of new ...
Safety assessment of chemicals and products in the European Union (EU) is based on decades of practi...