Variability of the Kuroshio extension system in 1992–2013 from satellite altimetry data

The Kuroshio Extension (KE) plays an important role in climate and environmental change in the North Pacific. In this paper, more than 20 years of merged absolute dynamic topography and merged sea level anomaly products from satellite altimetry are used to analyze the stability of the KE system. By analyzing the annually averaged sea surface topography, the variations of inter-annual path and annually averaged eddy kinetic energy at the KE region, the KE's two dynamic states are given as: the relatively stable state during 1993–1995, 2002–2005, and 2010–2012, and the unstable dynamic state among 1996–2001 and 2006–2009. During the stable state, the KE spindle had a shorter path length and smaller time-varying amplitude, as well as a trend to move northward. While during the unstable state, the KE spindle had a longer path length and an integral southward transport trend, and was observed to oscillate significantly over time. The analysis on the KE's upstream and downstream region gives the same variations, indicating that they are significantly affected by the El Nino events. The power spectrum of the mean latitudinal position variation of the KE's upstream and downstream shows significant quasi-decadal oscillation characteristics and strong annual signals. Furthermore, the correlation of the strength variation between the southern RG and the KE's upstream is calculated to be 0.50 after low-pass filtering, and that of the mean latitudinal position variation between the southern RG and the KE's upstream/downstream are 0.75/0.69 after low-pass filtering, respectively. The strong correlations demonstrated that the southern RG and the KE are closely linked