Language and folklore in Hamid Mosaddeq’s poem

Abstract"Standard language", "sub-standard language" and "meta-standard language" are the language types of many varieties. Use of sub- standard language in making poetry, known as “stylistic deviation”, is one of the ways of highlighting poetic language. More attention to this technique of language in the contemporary period was paid by Nima. Nima believed that all words have the potentiality to enter the realm of poetry. No word is essentially poetic or non-poetic, but the way of using words by the poet determines its poetic value.Hamid Mossadegh by the use of sub-standard language elements, in addition to increasing the richness of his poems, made them closer to the mind, language and life of people. Folkloric elements of Mosaddeq’s poems were divided into seven groups: 1) Slang words, 2) common and spoken vocabulary 3) Irony and Proverbs 4) Tlfzhay popular 5) allusion to folk tales 6) folk beliefs and customs 7) local vocabulary.Slang words in poems Mosaddeq in the "verb" and "noun" have been examined. Many folk verbs such as "Shangidan" and "gap zadan (to chat)" in Mosaddeq’s poems have been applied. Some of folk verbs in his poems are in such a way that at first, one could not understand the point. These verbs have several meanings that one or more specific meanings are slang, like verb "gereftan (to get)" that means "to grow the root of the plant" has slang sense.There is an abundance application of folk nouns in Mosaddeq’s poem. Some of the nouns used in Mosaddeq’s poem, considering their figurative meanings, can be investigated in the folk nouns group, like "foot" in the figurative sense of "will"."Colloquial and current words are of the most frequent elements of folk words in the poetry of Mosaddeq. These words in the category of "nouns" and "verbs" could be analyzed. Lexical verbs such as "to hip" and "Perfume of Moskow" are of this kind. "Irony and Proverbs" are the other folk elements of the poetry of Mosaddeq. "till eye can see" and "to dream" are of this category.Folk pronunciations of words also have been represented in the Mosaddeq’s poems. These folk pronunciations occurred by alteration, combination or coincident deletions, complying with law of least effort in spoken language."Allusions to folk tales and beliefs" are of other folk elements in the poetry of Mosaddeq. "Demon", "Fairies’ king tale ", "The Death", "Patient stone" are among these cases."Local words" certified in the poetry of Mosaddeq are very limited and only for the completion of the research results were analyzed. Folk elements in Hamid Mosaddeq’s six poetry books – "Kavian’s awl", "Blue, gray, black", "In the path of the Wind", "The separations", "Years of patience", "Red Lion" – have not been similarly represented. In two books, "Kavian’s awl", and "Blue, gray, black", the tone of the words is relatively heroic, hence the elements of language mostly have been taken from ancient literature, and this is the reason why the elements of folk language in these two books are not considerable.In the content of four books – "In the path of the Wind", "The separations", "Years of patience", "Red Lion" – love is the main subject. The love is neither a mystical one to need mystical terms, nor romantic love of an intellectual lover not fitting the perception of others. His love is worldly, tangible and intimate. Thus it demands a familiar, fluent and understandable language. The frequency and quantity of use of the elements of folk poetry were set on the basis of one third of his poems. Mosaddeq has used folk elements escaping the norms, in his poetry as an art form. Sometimes these elements in his poems are used as an instrument to maintain meter and rhyme, and sometimes for increasing music resulted by repetition of a phoneme. Also Mosaddeq has used them as a tool for creating literary figures, such as contrast, proportion, ambiguity. In other words, Mosaddeq has applied these elements in order to spread the words of poem, simplifying and popularizing the language of poems, enriching the poetry in the areas such as music and rhetoric, so he has expressed his ideas by an artistic and intimate language