A post-wildfire response in cave dripwater chemistry

Surface disturbances above a cave have the potential to impact cave dripwater discharge, isotopic composition and solute concentrations, which may subsequently be recorded in the stalagmites forming from these dripwaters. One such disturbance is wildfire; however, the effects of wildfire on cave chemistry and hydrology remains poorly understood. Using dripwater data monitored at two sites in a shallow cave, beneath a forest, in southwest Australia, we provide one of the first cave monitoring studies conducted in a post-fire regime, which seeks to identify the effects of wildfire and post-fire vegetation dynamics on dripwater <i>δ</i>¹⁸O composition and solute concentrations. We compare our post-wildfire <i>δ</i>¹⁸O data with predicted dripwater <i>δ</i>¹⁸O using a forward model based on measured hydro-climatic influences alone. This helps to delineate hydro-climatic and fire-related influences on <i>δ</i>¹⁸O. Further we also compare our data with both data from Golgotha Cave &ndash; which is in a similar environment but was not influenced by this particular fire &ndash; as well as regional groundwater chemistry, in an attempt to determine the extent to which wildfire affects dripwater chemistry. We find in our forested shallow cave that <i>δ</i>¹⁸O is higher after the fire relative to modelled <i>δ</i>¹⁸O. We attribute this to increased evaporation due to reduced albedo and canopy cover. The solute response post-fire varied between the two drip sites: at Site 1a, which had a large tree above it that was lost in the fire, we see a response reflecting both a reduction in tree water use and a removal of nutrients (Cl, Mg, Sr, and Ca) from the surface and subsurface. Solutes such as SO₄ and K maintain high concentrations, due to the abundance of above-ground ash. At Site 2a, which was covered by lower&ndash;middle storey vegetation, we see a solute response reflecting evaporative concentration of all studied ions (Cl, Ca, Mg, Sr, SO₄, and K) similar to the trend in <i>δ</i>¹⁸O for this drip site. We open a new avenue for speleothem science in fire-prone regions, focusing on the geochemical records of speleothems as potential palaeo-fire archives