Spatiotemporal analysis of nitrogen cycling in a mixed coniferous forest of the northern United States

Nitrogen (N) is the limiting nutrient to primary productivity in a variety of temperate forests, and N cycling is undergoing a variety of anthropogenic changes, notably a doubling of reactive N (Nr) on a global scale. Yet, the magnitude of these changes to N cycling has been difficult to document in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in old-growth forests. To determine the trajectory of N cycling and the potential impacts of anthropogenic influences at local scales, we measured the composition of stable nitrogen isotopes (δ¹⁵N) in wood from living red pine trees (<i>Pinus resinosa</i>) at a single site in northern Minnesota, USA. A synchronous decline in wood δ¹⁵N values began approximately in the 1920s in 17 individual trees at different topographic positions, indicating a common driver. The decline in wood δ¹⁵N values corresponded with declines in sedimentary δ¹⁵N recorded in lacustrine sediments of the same catchment. Disturbance regime and species composition began to change at the turn of the 20th century with park establishment, providing a likely mechanism of decline in δ¹⁵N values toward present. While other mechanisms of this change are possible, we conclude that while there may be consequences of increased influxes of various forms of anthropogenic Nr into terrestrial ecosystems at the global level, these changes are not being expressed at a local level in this temperate forest ecosystem