The ingredients of comparison: The semantics of the excessive construction in Japanese

Excessives (e.g., this pair of pants is <em>too</em> long) are often considered as a ‘degree construction’ in the literature, presumably because it is assumed that their semantics involves a comparison of degrees. This paper takes a cross-linguistic look at the excessive construction in Japanese and raises the question of whether degrees are a necessary ingredient in the semantics of comparison. Unlike any degree morpheme in English, <em>-sugi</em> ‘to exceed’ can combine with either a gradable adjective (e.g., <em>naga</em> ‘long’) or a non-gradable verb (e.g., <em>yomi</em> ‘to read’) to form an excessive construction. In each case, a semantically different type of phrase can be used as a differential: when <em>-sugi</em> combines with an adjective, a measure phrase can be used as a differential; when <em>-sugi</em> combines with a verb, a floating numeral quantifier can be used as a differential. Based on this observation, I put forward a non-degree based analysis in which <em>-sugi</em> is not a degree quantifier. Specifically, I argue that a V<em>-sugi</em> sentence describes a comparison of two sets of objects or events, whereas an Adj<em>-sugi</em> sentence describes a comparison of two sets of degrees. This analysis draws an interesting parallel to the A-not-A analysis of the comparative in the literature, and implies that the semantics of a ‘degree construction’ does not necessarily involve a comparison of degrees. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.8.8 <a href="http://semantics-online.org/sp-bib/li-2015-excessive.bib">BibTeX info