International audienceIn the Saiss agricultural plains in Morocco, public authorities have been voicing their concern over falling groundwater level. They have drawn up an “aquifer contract” to regulate water extraction. What difference does it make with respect to traditional water policies that sought to provide ever-greater quantities of water? This article argues that the environmental objective of preserving the aquifer actually served to justify the continuation of large water works for surface water. These works now coexist alongside a more liberal management of groundwater. The liberal modernizer State accepts to relinquish some control over irrigation dynamics insofar as these dynamics seem politically manageable and, at least in t...