The analysis we present in this dissertation emerges from a confrontation of the recent literature on structural change and the literature on global value chains. Productive transformation is almost exclusively analysed through exports transformation. However, the international fragmentation of production makes this export-based approach hazardous. The potential gap between factor content of exports and countries’ factor endowments imply that exports modernization may only be an illusion. We address the complex and multidimensional nature of structural change given the current economic context and we examine innovative determinants of structural transformation. We develop the idea of a sustainable structural transformation that we describe ...