Atmospheric muons are elementary particles originating from the interaction of high energy cosmic rays with atoms in the upper atmosphere. Their ability to travel through a large amount of matter and their abundance at ground level allows for their flux to be used as a probe for the radiography of big objects. This technique, muography, can in particular be of interest for the study of volcanoes. The Tomuvol collaboration, within which this thesis took place, aims at developing a detector and analysis techniques allowing to perform such a measurment, using a volcano from Auvergne as a case study : the Puy de Dôme. This document describes the author’s contributions to this work, focusing on the intrumentation aspect first, with the calibrati...