International audienceAs an Athenian who spent much time out of his land, Xenophon is a key figure with respect to ancient Greek perspectives towards the peoples of Asia. This essay deals with the ways in which he represented such « alterity », taking as its focus the lexicon : the aim is to study how this author referred to the populations of the Mediterranean East, and possibly which geographical and identity connotations he attributed to them. Therefore, it investigates how subjective representation, rhetorical devices and historical context interact within Xenophon’s works. The final result shows the inadequacy of those modern perspectives which identify beneath the surface of some allusions in his works, which the lexicon reflects, a d...