Foundations of RDF* and SPARQL* : (An Alternative Approach to Statement-Level Metadata in RDF)

The standard approach to annotate statements in RDF with metadatahas a number of shortcomings including data size blow-up and unnecessarilycomplicated queries. We propose an alternative approach that is based on nestingof RDF triples and of query patterns. The approach allows for a more compactrepresentation of data and queries, and it is backwards compatible with the standard.In this paper we present the formal foundations of our proposal and ofdifferent approaches to implement it. More specifically, we formally capture thenecessary extensions of the RDF data model and its query language SPARQL,and we define mappings based on which our extended notions can be convertedback to ordinary RDF and SPARQL. Additionally, for such type of mappings wedefine two desirable properties, information preservation and query result equivalence,and we show that the introduced mappings possess these properties