Alternative origins for omega-3 fatty acids in the diet

Fish and seafood are important sources for LC PUFAs, EPA and DHA. These fatty acids may be synthesised in the body from short-chain fatty acids, including ALA; however, the enzymes involved in this pathway are considered inefficient. This means direct EPA and DHA sources are an important part of the human diet. Unfortunately, due to unsustainability and fish toxin accumulation, there is a need for alternative sources of these beneficial fatty acids. Furthermore, it is necessary to find suitable options for vegetarians and vegans. Bioengineering of plant seed oils offers a prospective source for LC PUFA and may be acceptable to those who do not consume fish products. Furthermore, the development of algae aquaculture could provide a new source for high LC PUFA-containing fish oils, although production costs remain a major issue. Finally, introducing plant-derived omega-3 to livestock feeds may enhance the omega-3 LC PUFA content within meat and dairy products. These alternative sources hold the potential to meet the demand for fish and fish oils, while reducing the negative impact on fish stocks.