Bonding or bridging social capital? The evolution of Brabantine confraternities during the late medieval and the early modern period

markdownabstract__Abstract__ Social scientists have recently paid a great deal of attention to clubs, associations and societies. This is due to the growing interest in civil society and social capital. Both scientists and politicians believe that a vivid civil society, characterized by a large number of voluntary associations active in many aspects of social life, has several positive effects. According to this view, civil society promotes shared civic values and stimulates social cohesion. In other words: club life pulls down social boundaries. As a consequence, modern policy makers involve all kinds of voluntary associations in local, regional, national and international government, because they consider these associations as ideal intermediaries between citizens and government