Heat transfer from humans wearing clothing

In this monograph the effects of clothing on human heat transfer are described. The description is based on the physics of heat and mass transfer, depending on the design of the clothing, the climate, and the activity of the wearer. The resulting model has been stepwise implemented in computer programs and has been evaluated with human subject experiments. Several new experimental techniques have been developed for this purpose. In the final program the human thermal physiology is included, which allows the calculation of thermal strain, following a specified scenario of work and climate. The following mechanisms are studied quantitatively in more detail: * heat and mass transfer through fabrics and their measurement * insulation and vapour resistance of multilayer clothing, including regression data on the effects of wind and motion * moisture absorption in clothing and its effect on the heat balance * ventilation of trapped air by wind and activity of the wearer * condensation of sweat in clothing and the effects on heat transfer * heat absorption in clothing due to heat radiation, for different fabrics * integration of the foregoing processes into a single model, together with physiological responses. Ten examples of practical or theoretical interest are used to demonstrate the power of the model