The history and current state of critical loads and dynamic modelling assessments

This book focuses on knowledge and methods for the assessment of indirect, soil mediated effects of the deposition of sulphur dioxide, oxidized nitrogen and reduced nitrogen on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The emphasis is on the science behind no-effect deposition thresholds (critical loads) and methods to understand future consequences of atmospheric depositions that exceed these thresholds. First, background information is given on drivers and impacts of air pollution and the philosophy behind the critical load approach is pointed out. Then, the history and current state of critical load assessments for sulphur (S), nitrogen (N) and metals is presented. This is followed by recent developments and use of dynamic models, for the assessment of future impacts of excessive deposition and the chapter finalizes with a reading guideline to this book and the logic of its organization