Origin, development and demise of the 2010–2011 Benguela Niño

A Benguela Niño developed in November 2010 and lasted for 5 months along the Angolan and Namibian coastlines. Maximum amplitude was reached in January 2011 with an interannual monthly Sea Surface Temperature anomaly larger than 4 °C at the Angola Benguela Front. It was the warmest event since 1995. Consistent with previous Benguela Niños, this event was generated by a relaxation of the trade winds in the western equatorial Atlantic, which triggered a strong equatorial Kelvin wave propagating eastward along the equator and then southward along the southwest African coast. In the equatorial band, the associated ocean sub-surface temperature anomaly clearly shows up in data from the PIRATA mooring array. The dynamical signature is also detected by altimetry derived Sea Surface Height and is well reproduced by an Ocean Linear Model. In contrast to previous Benguela Niños, the initial propagation of sub-surface temperature anomalies along the equator started in October and the associated warming in the Angolan Benguela Front Zone followed on as early as November 2010. The warming was then advected further south in the Northern Benguela upwelling system as far as 25°S by an anomalously strong poleward sub-surface current. Demise of the event was triggered by stronger than normal easterly winds along the Equator in April and May 2011 leading to above normal shoaling of the thermocline along the Equator and the south-west African coastline off Angola and an associated abnormal equatorward current at the Angola Benguela Front in April and May 2011