Semantic adaptation of English, German and French loan-words in Tolstoi\u27s time

U ovom je članku izvršena analiza semantičkih promjena posuđenica nađenih u Tolstojevim djelima. Pri analizi korišten je sistem R. Filipovića (1968). Nađen je velik broj posuđenica koje do danas nisu promijenile značenje. Najveći je broj onih riječi koje su suzile značenje u broju ili unutar istog polja. Najmanju, ali najzanimljiviju skupinu čine posuđenice proširena značenja. Sve se posuđenice odnose na područja engleskog, francuskog i njemačkog jezika. Istaknuta je zasluga Lava Nikolajeviča Tolstoja, koji je u svojim djelima upotrijebio velik broj posuđenica, a one uspoređene s modernim varijantama pokazuju da su se mnoge semantičke promjene zbile u posljednjih sto i pedeset godina.This article is an analysis of the semantic changes during the last hundred and fifty years in the loan words found in Leo Tolstoi\u27s novels and short stories. The system used in this analysis is R. Filipović\u27s “Semantic Extension -Changes in Adaptation of English Loan Words in Serbo-Croat” (1968). A number of the loan words under consideration have not changed their meaning to this day; a larger number have undergone a restriction in number or in field; a third group -the smallest -reveal an extension of meaning. The loan words under consideration are of English, French and German origin. Leo Tolstoi, like many other famous writers, played an important role in the process of linguistic borrowing. Although one cannot credit him with the introduction of many foreign words into the Russian language, his role in the popularization of loan words in Russian, through his short stories and novels, was a very significant one. His works are a permanent document of the existence of a large number of foreign and loan words in the nineteenth century Russian