Long-term Piliostigma reticulatum intercropping in the Sahel : crop productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and soil quality

Throughout the Sahel, food insecurity remains a persistent threat. A few studies have shown that Piliostigma reticulatum, a dominant native shrub in parklands from Senegal to Sudan, can positively impact crop yields. However, there are no experiments that measure whether this species can stabilize long-term crop productivity under erratic rainfall. Therefore, an 11-year study of an optimized P. reticulatum intercropping system (1000 shrubs ha(-1) with annual coppiced residue soil amendments) was initiated in 2004 in Senegal, West Africa to determine its impacts on crop productivity and soil quality. The experiment was a split-plot factorial design with the main plot shrubs (with and without) and the subplot fertilizer rate (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 times the recommended N-P-K rate) with an annual groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) crop rotation. Yield, biomass, soil carbon, and soil and plant nutrient data from 2011 to 2015 were compared with data from 2004 to 2007. The presence of shrubs increased millet and groundnut yield from 2011 to 2015 and rainfall water use efficiency (WUE) between 2004 and 2015. Without fertilizer addition, the shrub plots had approximately 2 times greater millet yield throughout the duration of this experiment. The presence of shrubs also improved soil quality, as evidenced by significantly greater C in the fraction