Business fraud and abuse of position by business activity

Gospodarski kriminal se pojavlja v vseh oblikah in v vseh stopnjah poslovanja. Za gospodarsko kriminaliteto so lahko odgovorne fizične in/ali pravne osebe, usmerjena pa je lahko zoper gospodarski sistem kot celoto, gospodarske subjekte ali zoper subjekte, ki so uporabniki blaga ali storitev iz gospodarske dejavnosti oziroma kako drugače povezani z gospodarstvom. Sedaj (tudi v času krize) kot še nikoli prej so se klasični primeri zlorab položaja ter poslovnih goljufij razbohotili in profesionalizirali do te mere, da jih je zelo težko ali nemogoče zaznati, če pa jih že zaznamo pa je po navadi prepozno, da bi jih uspeli sankcionirati. Raziskave na področju pregona gospodarskega kriminala nam jasno povedo, da je zaradi izjemno težke problematike odkrivanja gospodarske kriminalitete ta statistika in z njo povezana škoda praktično neznana, saj ogromno gospodarskega kriminala ostaja neodkritega. Ker lahko v gospodarstvu preživijo le najbolj fleksibilni, pa tudi iznajdljivi in finančno stabilni, se je ta miselnost (ob odpovedi morale) prenesla tudi na področje profesionalizacije izvajanja protipravnih ravnanj na področju gospodarske dejavnosti oziroma gospodarskega poslovanja. Poslovna goljufija in zloraba položaja ali zaupanja pri gospodarski dejavnosti sta osrednji kaznivi dejanji na področju gospodarske kriminalitete. Med tem, ko je poslovna goljufija primarno usmerjena navzven, se pravi med interakcije in preslepitve med dvema različnima poslovnima subjektoma, je kaznivo dejanje zlorabe položaja ali zaupanja pri gospodarski dejavnosti primarno usmerjeno navznoter. Pri obeh pa je skupno, da se prekršijo (vzpostavljena) zaupna poslovna razmerja. Poslovna goljufija je najpogostejše kaznivo dejanje na področju gospodarske kriminalitete, iz kaznivega dejanja zlorabe položaja ali zaupanja pri gospodarski dejavnosti pa izhaja največja povzročena škoda. Kazensko pravne norme predstavljajo tisti družbeni mehanizem, ki kot skrajno sredstvo razmejuje med dopustnimi ravnanji in kaznivimi ravnanji. Ravno zaradi razmejitvene točke med kaznivim in nekaznivim je zelo pomembna vnaprejšnja določenost in preciznost pravnih norm. Na primer blanketne dispozicije lahko hitro trčijo ob načelo zakonitosti v kazenskem pravu, kot osrednjem in najpomembnejšem načelu kazenskega prava. Ker je blanketno urejanje kazensko pravnih norm v sferi gospodarskega prava pravzaprav nujno in neizogibno, je tej temi posvetiti posebno pozornost, predvsem skozi sodno prakso in odločitve ustavnega sodišča Republike Slovenije. Skozi nastajanje magistrskega dela bom poskušal raziskati navedene teze predvsem skozi sodno prakso in se usmeriti na praktično uporabnost različnih pravnih položajev, ki jih mora pravnik prepoznavati pri svojem delu oz. delu uprave v gospodarstvu z namenom zakonitega ravnanja pri poslovanju in izogibanja situacijam, ki bi lahko vodile v kazenski pregon odgovornih oseb.Economic crime occurs in all its forms and in all stages of business. For economic crime can be responsible natural persons or legal entities with and can be focused against the economic system as a whole, economic entities or entities which are users of goods or services from a business activity or otherwise related to the economy. Now (even in times of economic crisis) like never before are classic examples of abuse of position by business activity and business fraud, expanded and professionalized to such an extent, that they are very difficult or even impossible to detect, but if we detect it is usually too late to be sanctioned. Research in the field of economic crime prosecution clarifies, that due to the extremely difficult detection of economic crime, statistics associated with it and the damages in connection with it is virtually unknown, because a lot of economic crime remains undiscovered. Because survival in the economy remains only for the most flexible, resourceful and financially stable, this mentality (in connection of the loss of the morale) has been transferred to the area of professionalization of committing crime in the field of business activity. Business fraud and abuse of position by business activity are the two main criminal offenses in the area of the economic crime. While the business fraud is primary focused outwards, in the interaction between two different business entities, the abuse of position by business activity is primarily focused inward. It is common for both that a violation of (established) confidential business relationships takes place. Business fraud is the most common crime in the area of economic crime, from the abuse of position by business activity the most of the damages occur. Criminal legal norms are the one that constitute the social mechanism as a last resort that delimitates between lawful conduct and criminal activities. Because of the delimitation point of the crime and impunity it is very important that advance determination and precision of legal norms takes place. Blanket dispositions can quickly come up against the principle of legality in criminal law, as the central and most important principle of criminal law. In the sphere of economic law the blanket dispositions are actually necessary and unavoidable, so this topic deserves particular attention, especially through case law and decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia. Through the formation of this master\u27s work I will try to explore that thesis mainly through case law and to focus on the practical applicability of the various legal situations that should be recognized if you work in legal sphere in economic activity with intention to run business in frames of law and to avoid situations that might lead to the prosecution of those responsible