Inflammation in Lafora Disease: Evolution with Disease Progression in Laforin and Malin Knock-out Mouse Models.

12 páginas, 5 figuras, 2 tablas.Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy (Lafora disease, LD) is a fatal rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of insoluble ubiquitinated polyglucosan inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons, which is most commonly associated with mutations in two genes: EPM2A, encoding the glucan phosphatase laforin, and EPM2B, encoding the E3-ubiquitin ligase malin. The present study analyzes possible inflammatory responses in the mouse lines Epm2a-/- (laforin knock-out) and Epm2b-/- (malin knock-out) with disease progression. Increased numbers of reactive astrocytes (expressing the GFAP marker) and microglia (expressing the Iba1 marker) together with increased expression of genes encoding cytokines and mediators of the inflammatory response occur in both mouse lines although with marked genotype differences. C3ar1 and CxCl10 mRNAs are significantly increased in Epm2a-/- mice aged 12 months when compared with age-matched controls, whereas C3ar1, C4b, Ccl4, CxCl10, Il1b, Il6, Tnfα and Il10ra mRNAs are significantly up-regulated in Epm2b-/- at the same age. This is accompanied by increased protein levels of IL1-β, IL6, TNFα and Cox2 particularly in Epm2b-/- mice. The severity of inflammatory changes correlates with more severe clinical symptoms previously described in Epm2b-/- mice. These findings show for the first time increased innate inflammatory responses in a neurodegenerative disease with polyglucosan intraneuronal deposits which increase with disease progression, in a way similar to what is seen in neurodegenerative diseases with abnormal protein aggregates. These findings also point to the possibility of using anti-inflammatory agents to mitigate the degenerative process in LD.This study was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Instituto de Salud Carlos III – Fondos FEDER, a way to build Europe FIS grants PI14/00757 and PI14/00328 to IF, and grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness SAF2014-54604-C3-1-R and from the Generalitat Valenciana (PrometeoII/2014/029) to PS. We thank T. Yohannan for editorial assistance.Peer reviewe