Assessing the diversity, host-specificity and infection patterns of apicomplexan parasites in reptiles from Oman, Arabia

Understanding the processes that shape parasite diversification, their distribution and abundance provides valuable information on the dynamics and evolution of disease. In this study, we assessed the diversity, distribution, host-specificity and infection patterns of apicomplexan parasites in amphibians and reptiles from Oman, Arabia. Using a quantitative PCR approach we detected three apicomplexan parasites (haemogregarines, lankesterellids and sarcocystids). A total of 13 haemogregarine haplotypes were identified, which fell into four main clades in a phylogenetic framework. Phylogenetic analysis of six new lankesterellid haplotypes revealed that these parasites were distinct from, but phylogenetically related to, known Lankesterella species and might represent new taxa. The percentage of infected hosts (prevalence) and the number of haemogregarines in the blood (parasitaemia) varied significantly between gecko species. We also found significant differences in parasitaemia between haemogregarine parasite lineages (defined by phylogenetic clustering of haplotypes), suggesting differences in host–parasite compatibility between these lineages. For Pristurus rupestris, we found significant differences in haemogregarine prevalence between geographical areas. Our results suggest that host ecology and host relatedness may influence haemogregarine distributions and, more generally, highlight the importance of screening wild hosts from remote regions to provide new insights into parasite diversity.J. P. M. was funded through a Ph.D. grant (SFRH/BD/74305/2010) supported by a Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) doctoral fellowship under the Programa Operacional Potencial Humano – Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional funds (POPH-QREN) from the European Social Fund (ESF) and Portuguese Ministério da Educação e Ciência. E. G. -D. was supported by a Juan de la Cierva contract from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain. Financial support was provided by project ERG-PARIS-276838 from the European Commission. D. J. H. was supported by FEDER through the compete programme, the project ‘Genomics and Evolutionary Biology’ co-financed by North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (ON.2) under NSRF through the European Regional Development Fund. S. C. was supported by grant CGL2012-36970 from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain (co-funded by FEDER).Peer reviewe