Análisis del abandono escolar en los estudiantes de las instituciones educativas de la cabecera parroquial de La Unión- Quinindé-Esmeraldas, en el periodo 2013-2014

The present study analyzed the school drop-out rate among the Education Institutions located in “La Unión” parish during the 2013-2014 period. This drop-out ratio was analyzed regarding education level, type of school, gender and grade and its link to associated factors according to the criteria of adolescents, fathers and teachers; finally the aspirations and expectations of the students that dropped out were analyzed. The study was carried out in an exploratory descriptive, qualitative quantitative way. The drop-out rate was calculated using the registration records of students currently studying and students that did drop-out. This information was collected for 15 education institutions, of which 12 are public schools, 2 are fiscomisional schools and 1 is private. Each of those institutions provides initial, elementary and secondary grades. In order to identify the factors associated with the students’ school drop-out a survey was applied to teachers, parents and drop-out students. This survey was applied to 35 kids, 12 parents and 116 teachers. The general drop-out rate was 6,42%, higher in males (6,89%) than in women (5,96%), considerably higher in high school (12,2%). High in public schools (10,9%) and in night schools (30%). The highest drop-out rates were found on 11th (20,1%), 12th (9,6%), 10th (8,5%), 9th (7,2%) and 3rd (6,89%) grades. The results showed that the socio-economic-familiar environment, the academic trajectory and the cultural capital are determinant factors for the students’ drop-out. The adolescents’ lack of motivation was found to be a relevant factor also. The maternity-paternity-pregnancy was found as an unimportant factor for parents and adolescents, but it was an important factor for teachers. Most of adolescents and young students wish to finish high school as its most important expectation. The socioeconomic vulnerability of this rural area is reflected by the high drop-out rate and its associated factors found in this study.El estudio realizó un análisis del abandono escolar en las IE de la cabecera parroquial de La Unión-Quinindé en el período 2013-2014, por nivel educativo, tipo de institución educativa, género y año escolar en relación a los factores asociados según adolescentes, padres de familia y docentes, y finalmente indagó las aspiraciones y expectativas de estudiantes con abandono escolar. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio de tipo descriptivo, cuali-cuantitativo que para el cálculo de la Tasa de Abandono Escolar se basó en las nóminas de estudiantes matriculados y las de jóvenes que abandonaron los estudios en 15 IE, doce públicas, dos fiscomisionales y una particular, con los tres niveles de educación. Para identificar los factores asociados al abandono escolar se entrevistó a 35 adolescentes y jóvenes, a 12 padres de familia y a 116 docentes. La Tasa de Abandono Escolar encontrada fue de 6,42%, mayor en varones (6,89%) que mujeres (5,96%), considerablemente mayor en Bachillerato (12,2%), en IE públicas (10,9%) y en IE nocturnas (30%). Las mayores Tasas de Abandono se encontraron en 1ero (20,1%) y 2do (9,6%) de Bachillerato; 10mo (8,5%), 9no (7,2%) y 3ero (6,8%) de EGB. Se encontró que el entorno socio-económico-familiar, la trayectoria académica y el capital cultural de los padres son factores determinantes para el abandono escolar. La desmotivación de los adolescentes es un factor relevante. La maternidad–paternidad–embarazo no es un factor importante para adolescentes y padres, sí lo es para los docentes. El trabajo se relaciona con el abandono escolar pero no le antecede directamente. La mayoría de adolescentes y jóvenes tiene el anhelo de acabar sus estudios como su más auténtica aspiración y expectativa. La elevada Tasa de Abandono Escolar y los factores asociados encontrados reflejan que la vulnerabilidad socio-económica-familiar en este sector rural es determinante