Shared familial risk factors between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and overweight/obesity : a population based familial co-aggregation study in Sweden

BACKGROUND: Despite meta-analytic evidence for the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and overweight/obesity, the mechanisms underlying the association are yet to be fully understood. METHODS: By linking multiple Swedish national and regional registers, we identified 472,735 index males born during 1973-1992, with information on body weight and height directly measured before they were conscripted for military service. We further identified 523,237 full siblings born during 1973-2002 for the index males. All individuals were followed up from their third birthday to December 31, 2009 for ADHD diagnosis. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between overweight/obesity in index males and ADHD in their full siblings. RESULTS: Siblings of index males with overweight/obesity had increased risk for ADHD (overweight: OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05-1.24; obesity: OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.24-1.63), compared with siblings of index males with normal weight. The results were adjusted for birth year of the index male and sex of the sibling. After further adjustment for ADHD status of the index male, the familial coaggregation remained significant (overweight: OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.04-1.22; obesity: OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.21-1.57). The results were similar across sex of the siblings. CONCLUSIONS: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and overweight/obesity share familial risk factors, which are not limited to those causing overweight/obesity through the mediation of ADHD. Future research aiming at identifying family-wide environmental risk factors as well as common pleiotropic genetic variants contributing to both traits is warranted.Swedish Research Council, 2014-3831Swedish Initiative for Research on Microdata in the Social and Medical Sciences (SIMSAM), 340-2013-5867European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, 667302K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayEuropean Union's Seventh Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration, 602805NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 5R01MH101519RhodesArborPfizerIronshoreShireAkili Interactive LabsCogCubedAlcobraVAYA PharmaNeuroLifeSciencesAargon Healthcare ItalySolent National Health Service (NHS) Trust, UKAssociation for Child and Adolescent Mental Health (ACAMH), UKAccepte