Towards Defining Healthy Buildings: Investigating the Effect of Building Characteristics and Interventions on Indoor Air Microbial Exposures and Energy Efficiency

It is estimated that on average people spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors. And yet, when we think about our health and how the environment affects it, most are unaware that indoor environments may have a larger impact on our health and well-being than even the outdoor environment. Given the amount of time we spend indoors, what are we exposed to indoors? Can we design indoor environments that are not only not harmful to us, but actually good for us? And can we do this in an energy efficient manner? What does a “healthy building” look like? To start answering these questions, we focused on studying how various building characteristics and interventions affected indoor air microbiology and energy efficiency, two qualities that are critical when designing a healthy building. This work is split into three parts: (1) Investigating a healthy building intervention: cooling coil ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVG-CC), (2) investigating the microbiology of indoor air quality in a university dormitory and its effect on student health, and (3) a review of the role of mechanical ventilation in the airborne transmission of infectious agents in buildings. Part (1) (Chapter 2) investigates the effect of ultraviolet germicidal coil cleaning (UVG-CC) technology on building energy efficiency and indoor air microbiology. Cooling coil surfaces within building ventilation systems are ideal sites for biofilm formation due to the presence of adequate nutrients (i.e. deposited particles) and moisture (i.e. condensate). Biofouling of cooling coils can contribute to decreased heat transfer efficiency and possible contamination of indoor air by releasing toxins or allergens into the air entering the building. We found that, in mild condensing conditions, UVG-CC increased heat transfer effectiveness by 3–6.4%, with an uncertainty of ± 2.7% resulting from the accuracy of our instrumentation. Microbial results showed increased airborne cell counts downstream of the coil one month after UVG-CC installation. This increase coincided with drastic (80–90%) decreases in surface cell counts, which suggests that UVGI inactivated biofilms from the surface of the coil and these clusters were then re-entrained into the airstream. Overall this study suggests that UVG-CC is most effective at reducing microbial contamination and increasing heat transfer effectiveness in humid climates with high latent loads but care must be taken one month after installation, especially in the case of retrofits, as inactive biological material may re-entrain into the air. Installation of this technology should be carefully considered depending on the climatic region, and may not need to be operated during non-condensing states. Future studies of UVG-CC should pay careful attention to the sensitivity and detection limits of their instrumentation, and would benefit from studying environments prone to excessive biological fouling so that differences between UV and non-UV coils are more pronounced. Part (2) (Chapter 3) of this dissertation investigates the microbiota in indoor air in a student dormitory. We have long known that human occupants are a major source of microbes in the built environment. What remains undetermined is what, if anything, we can learn about the occupants of a building by analyzing the microbial communities found in indoor air. We investigated bacterial and fungal diversity found in settled dust samples and dust collected onto HVAC air filters from 91 rooms within a university dormitory in Boulder, CO. The sex of the room occupants had the most significant effect on the bacterial communities found in both the settled dust and air filter samples, while the room occupants had no significant effect on fungal communities. By examining the abundances of taxa at the genus level, we can predict the sex of room occupants with 79% accuracy, a finding that demonstrates the potential forensic applications of studying indoor air microbiology. We also identified which taxa at the OTU level were most different in abundance and frequency of occurrence between female and male rooms, and found that taxa often identified as members of the vaginal microbiome were more common in female-occupied rooms while taxa associated with human skin or the male urogenital microbiota were more common in male-occupied rooms. Measurement methods used to characterize the dormitory HVAC system and methods of health data collection are also described. Part (3) (Chapter 4) is a comprehensive literature review of the role of mechanical ventilation in the transmission of infectious agents in buildings. Infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics such as those due to SARS, influenza, measles, or tuberculosis have raised concern about the airborne transmission of pathogens in indoor environments. There are insufficient data to quantify how various parameters controlled by HVAC systems may affect the airborne transmission of infectious agents. To improve our understanding and design of HVAC systems to promote better infection control, our review reveals a strong need for more epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses. Specifically, we call for well designed prospective observational or intervention studies in buildings to establish causal relationships between airborne exposures and outcomes and between building factors and exposures. Future studies will benefit greatly from improved experimental design, standardized measurement methods, and better collaboration between epidemiologists and HVAC engineers. The work presented here provides a glimpse into the complex and interdisciplinary nature of indoor air and building science and makes connections across building energy systems, HVAC science, and microbiology to demonstrate the nuances of how building characteristics or design decisions can affect indoor exposures