Innovations in plasma sensors

During the history of space exploration, ever improving instruments have continued to enable new measurements and discoveries. Focusing on plasma sensors, we examine the processes by which such new instrument innovations have occurred over the past decades. Due to risk intolerance prevalent in many NASA space missions, innovations in plasma instrumentation occur primarily when heritage systems fail to meet science requirements, functional requirements as part of its space platform, or design constraints. We will review such innovation triggers in the context of the design literature and with the help of two case studies, the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer on MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging and the Fast Plasma Investigation on Magnetosphere Multiscale. We will then discuss the anticipated needs for new plasma instrument innovations to enable the science program of the next decade.Key PointsMost innovations in space plasma instrumentations arise from a mismatch of heritage technologiesThe detections of suprathermal and very low energy ions are innovation areas of the decadal surveyConstellations of small spacecraft enable novel and highly constrained plasma measurementsPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137290/1/jgra52503.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137290/2/jgra52503_am.pd