Impact of adult growth hormone deficiency on metabolic profile and cardiovascular risk [Review]

Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a well defined clinical condition, which is characterized by abnormal body composition, impaired physical activity and decreased quality of life. In addition, in recent years, growing interest has been shown towards cardiovascular risks in adult patients affected by GHD. In this regard, GHD is widely known to be associated with increased mortality, likely due to the increase of risk factors, such as central obesity, impaired lipid and glucose profiles and other less-known risk factors, such as inflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. However, very few papers have recently discussed this topic. In this review, the aim is to clarify this issue by discussing evidence regarding the effects of adult GHD on metabolic and cardiovascular profiles