Investigation of manganese deposits from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans

Submersible exploration on the eastern Pacific Ridge near 21 ° N has revealed an active hydrothermal system. It is manifested by the emission in the marine environment of hot and Highly mineralized fluids (370 ° C maximum). These fluids precipitate on contact with seawater and deposits of massive sulphides are built at the outlet of their sources. The mineralogical and geochemical study of the products associated with the emissions of hot fluids provides an initial evaluation of this type of deposit and leads to a comparison between the hydrothermalism responsible for the formation of sulphides and the hydrothermalism responsible for the formation of metal rich crusts formed of iron smectites and manganese oxides. This study is carried out with conventional mineralogical and geochemical investigations (optical and electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, electron microprobe, neutron activation and mass spectrometry)