Assessment of Continuous Pain in Newborns admitted to NICUs in 18 European Countries

Aim: Continuous pain occurs routinely, even after invasive procedures, or inflammation and surgery, but clinical practices associated with assessments of continuous pain remain unknown. Methods: A prospective cohort study in 243 Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) from 18 European countries recorded frequency of pain assessments, use of mechanical ventilation, sedation, analgesia, or neuromuscular blockade for each neonate upto 28 days after NICU admission. Results: Only 2113/6648 (31·8%) of neonates received assessments of continuous pain, occurring variably among tracheal ventilation (TrV, 46·0%), noninvasive ventilation (NiV, 35· 0%), and no ventilation (NoV, 20· 1%) groups (p<0· 001). Daily assessments for continuous pain occurred in only 10·4% of all neonates (TrV: 14· 0%, NiV: 10· 7%, NoV: 7· 6%; p<0· 001). More frequent assessments of continuous pain occurred in NICUs with pain guidelines, nursing champions, and surgical admissions prompted (all p<0·01), and for newborns <32 weeks gestational age, those requiring ventilation, or opioids, sedatives-hypnotics, general anesthetics (O-SH-GA) (all p<0·001), or surgery (p=0· 028). Use of O-SH-GA drugs increased the odds for pain assessment in the TrV (OR:1· 60, p<0·001) and NiV groups (OR:1·40, p