Attention in action or obstruction of movement? A kinematic analysis of avoidance behavior in prehension

Obstacle avoidance strategies are of two basic but interrelated types: moving around an obstacle to that body parts do not come too close, and slowing down. In reaching-to-grasp, avoidance may involve the transport component, the grasp formation component, or both. There has been little research that has directly examined obstacle avoidance strategies during reaches-to-grasp. Several recent reports describe experiments in which reaches-to-grasp were made when nontarget objects were present in the workspace. The effects of these nontargets were interpreted as being due to their distracting effects rather than their obstructing effects. The results of these studies are reinterpreted as being due to the non-target's obstructing effects. The obstacle interpretation is more parsimonious and better predicts the pattern of results than the distractor interpretation. Predictions of the obstacle interpretation were examined in an experiment in which participants were required to reach to grasp a target in the presence of another object in various locations. The results were exactly in line with the interpretation of the object as an obstacle and the data show how grasp and transport movements are subtly adjusted so as to avoid potential obstacles. It is proposed that people move so as not to bring body parts within a minimum preferred distance from nontarget objects within the workspace. What constitutes the preferred distance in a particular context appears to depend upon the speed of movement and a variety of psychological factors related to the cost that a person attaches to a collision