A 150-year fire history of mulga (Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth.)dominated vegetation in semiarid Queensland, Australia

Changes to fire regimes associated with European colonisation are implicated in declines in biodiversity and productivity in rangelands globally. However, for many areas there is incomplete knowledge of historical fire regimes and purported changes can become accepted wisdom with little empirical evidence. In the Mulga Lands of south-western Queensland, the dominant narrative implicates reduced fire frequency as a cause of woody vegetation thickening. We present a fire history of the Mulga Lands since pastoral exploration in the 1840s based on a review of explorer and early pastoralist journals, newspaper articles, interviews with long-term landholders and collation of satellite imagery. Fires in mulga communities are infrequent and only occur after at least two years of above-average summer rainfall. The assumption of regular pre-pastoral fires is not supported by available evidence. Since pastoral settlement in the 1860s, fire events affecting >1000 km2 have occurred seven times (1891–1892, 1904, 1918, 1950–1951, 1956–1957, 1976–1979 and 2011–2013), with only the 1950s fires affecting a >10% of the total area of mulga-dominated vegetation. We argue that fire is limited by fuel loads, which are in turn limited by rainfall events occurring only a few times a century. Even in the absence of grazing and active fire suppression fire intervals would be extremely long, perhaps 30–50 years in relatively fire-prone communities and much longer throughout most of the region. Combined with quantitative studies of fire and tree and shrub population dynamics, detailed fire histories will allow for more informed and nuanced debates about the role of fire in rangelands subject to abrupt management upheavals