The influence of adjuvants on oral vaccination of chickens against Newcastle disease

Living V4 strain Newcastle disease vaccine was given to chickens orally. The inclusion of DEAE-dextran, Quil A or TiterMax® in the vaccine, or delivering the vaccine as Iscoms, did not enhance the serological response. The immediate serological response to living V4 vaccine was enhanced in the presence of Avridine. Chickens produced a low serological response to oral administration of inactivated V4 vaccine. This response was not enhanced in the presence of Avridine