Comparison of cranial performance between mainland and two island subspecies of the Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus (Carnivora: Canidae) during simulated biting

Island subspecies of the Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus differ morphologically from the mainland subspecies. In particular, differences in cranial form may reflect varied biomechanical adaptations associated with hunting and feeding behaviours. We tested the hypothesis that the observed cranial differences between two island foxes (living on two North Pacific islands) and those living on the mainland have no impact on biomechanical performance during simulated biting. 3D cranial models of three Arctic fox subspecies were compared based on biomechanical parameters (e.g. local strain and large-scale deformation). Finite elements (FE) analyses were used to simulate equivalent biting loads, and geometric morphometrics was used to compare the modes of deformation among the models. The results showed differences in local strains and modes of global deformation among the three subspecies; the mainland subspecies was particularly distinct from the island subspecies. The representative cranium of the mainland subspecies experienced higher strain than that of both island subspecies during all bites. However, the findings highlight issues that arise when relating biomechanical performance, measured via FE analyses, to the foods consumed rather than to the mechanical properties of the individual’s diet. Additional physical properties data for each prey type are necessary to determine the extent to which the present findings reflect biomechanical adaptations to diet and prey acquisition