The Effect of Fluoride on the Structure, Function, and Proteome of a Renal Epithelial Cell Monolayer

High concentrations of fluoride in the body may cause toxic effects. Here, we investigated the effects of fluoride on the structure, function, and proteome of a cortical collecting duct epithelium $\textit{in vitro}$. Kidney tubule cells (M-1) were chosen because the concentration of fluoride in the kidney is 4–5- fold higher than that in plasma. Mouse M-1 cell monolayers were incubated in fluoride-containing media, and the amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current and transepithelial resistance were measured. The Young’s modulus of the epithelium was determined using atomic force microscopy, and the effect of fluoride on epithelial structure was assessed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence. Differences in the expression of membrane proteins were evaluated using proteomics and bioinformatics. Fluoride exposure reduced both transepithelial Na$^{+}$ transport and resistance. The IC$_{50}$ for fluoride was ~300 $\mu$M for both effects, and the half-times for the decays of ion transport and resistance were 8.4 h and 3.6 days, respectively. Fluoride treatment did not affect the sensitivity of Na$^{+}$ transport to amiloride. The Young’s modulus of the epithelium was also unaffected by fluoride; however, the functional effects of fluoride were accompanied by marked structural effects. Proteomic analysis revealed changes in expression of a number of proteins, and particularly mitochondrial proteins. Treatment with fluoride had profound effects on the structure, function and proteome of a model cortical collecting duct epithelium. Significantly, however, these effects were produced only at concentrations considerably higher than those likely to be encountered $\textit{in vivo}$.CAPES Science Without Borders Programme (Brazil), CAPES Visiting Scholar Programme, Kidney Research UKThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.2233