On equivalence and bioequivalence testing.

Equivalence testing is the natural approach to many statistical problems. First, its main application, bioequivalence testing, is reviewed. The basic concepts of bioequivalence testing (2×2 crossover designs, TOST, interval inclusion principle, etc.) and its problems (TOST biased character, the carryover problem, etc.) are considered. Next, equivalence testing is discussed more generally. Some applications and methods are reviewed and the relation of equivalence testing and distance-based inference is highlighted. A new distance-based method to determine whether two gene lists are equivalent in terms of their annotations in the Gene Ontology illustrates these ideas. We end with a general discussion and some suggestions for future research