Quantitative studies of the wakes of freely flying birds in a low-turbulence wind tunnel

A novel application of DPIV methods is presented for measuring velocity and vorticity distributions in vertical cross sections through the wake of a freely flying bird (thrush nightingale) in a wind tunnel. A dual-camera system is used, and successive cross-correlation operations remove lens/camera distortions, and then the undisturbed background flow, so that the final operation simply examines the disturbance effect of the bird alone. The concentration and tuning of processing methods to the disturbance quantities allows full exploitation of the correlation calculation and estimation algorithms. Since the ultimate objective is to deduce forces and power requirements on the bird itself from the wake structure, the analytical procedure is followed through an example on a fixed airfoil, before sample results from extensive bird flight tests are described. The wake structure of the thrush nightingale in slow (5-m/s) flight is qualitatively quite similar to those previously described in the literature, but certain quantitative details are different in important respects