Targeted sequencing identifies 91 neurodevelopmental-disorder risk genes with autism and developmental-disability biases

Gene-disruptive mutations contribute to the biology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), but most of the related pathogenic genes are not known. We sequenced 208 candidate genes from >11,730 cases and >2,867 controls. We identified 91 genes, including 38 new NDD genes, with an excess of de novo mutations or private disruptive mutations in 5.7% of cases. Drosophila functional assays revealed a subset with increased involvement in NDDs. We identified 25 genes showing a bias for autism versus intellectual disability and highlighted a network associated with high-functioning autism (full-scale IQ >100). Clinical follow-up for NAA15, KMT5B, and ASH1L highlighted new syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of disease.Holly A F Stessman, Bo Xiong, Bradley P Coe, Tianyun Wang, Kendra Hoekzema, Michaela Fenckova, Malin Kvarnung, Jennifer Gerdts, Sandy Trinh, Nele Cosemans, Laura Vives, Janice Lin, Tychele N Turner, Gijs Santen, Claudia Ruivenkamp, Marjolein Kriek, Arie van Haeringen, Emmelien Aten, Kathryn Friend, Jan Liebelt, Christopher Barnett, Eric Haan, Marie Shaw, Jozef Gecz, Britt-Marie Anderlid, Ann Nordgren, Anna Lindstrand, Charles Schwartz, R Frank Kooy, Geert Vandeweyer, Celine Helsmoortel, Corrado Romano, Antonino Alberti, Mirella Vinci, Emanuela Avola, Stefania Giusto, Eric Courchesne, Tiziano Pramparo, Karen Pierce, Srinivasa Nalabolu, David G Amaral, Ingrid E Scheffer, Martin B Delatycki, Paul J Lockhart, Fereydoun Hormozdiari, Benjamin Harich, Anna Castells-Nobau, Kun Xia, Hilde Peeters, Magnus Nordenskjöld, Annette Schenck, Raphael A Bernier, Evan E Eichle