Quantification of residual stresses in multi-pass welds using neutron diffraction.

Neutron diffraction results highlighted the effect of heat input through changes of travel speed and welding sequence (direction) on the residual stresses in multi-pass weldments of high strength low alloy steel. Residual stresses in excess of yield strength were developed in the weld metal and HAZ particularly for the upper-layers of welds which were not affected by the tempering of the subsequent weld layers. The magnitude of the residual stresses was significantly reduced by increasing the heat input. There was no substantial difference in the magnitude of the residual stresses when the direction of weld deposition was varied but the distribution was more uniform. © 2017 Elsevier B.V