Tawaf crowd simulation using reciprocal velocity obstacle

Studies on crowd simulation have been around us for nearly 30 years. It remains one of the important and fundamental fields in three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics. Simulating large amount of crowds such as the crowd during Hajj is never an easy task. Therefore, a more refined technique is needed to avoid the entities, agents or characters in Hajj crowd from colliding with each other. In order to simulate such a huge crowd, the reciprocal velocity obstacles concept is used. The simulation is made using the reciprocal velocity obstacles as the collision avoidance technique. An experiment with up to 200 pilgrims is then conducted on four different personal computers (PCs) with different specifications