Elections to the State Duma of Russian Federation 1993-2011

Subsequent to December 1993, when the first elections were held for the newly formed Russian parliament, five further parliamentary election processes have been conducted. These occurred in the years 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011. With the exception of the 1995 and 1999 elections, all were far from being of free and democratic character. In particular the 2007 election constituted a political farce with its outcome predetermined. Among others, the weaknesses of the system relate to a lack of parliamentary tradition in Russia, constitutional and legal solutions that favour the president, and the absence of developed and stable party structures.Uniwersytet w BiałymstokuБерезовский Е.В., Политическая елита российского обшества на рубежие эпох, Москва 1999Czajowski A., Demokratyzacja Rosji w latach 1987-1999, Wrocław 2001Steven Fish M., Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics, Cambridge University Press 2005Marciniak W., Rozgrabione imperium. Upadek Związku Sowieckiego i powstanie Federacji RosyjskiejMcFaul M., Russia’s Unfi nished Revolution: Political Change from Gorbachev to Putin, Cornell University Press, 2001Пути россий ского посткоммунизма, под ред. М. Липман и А. Рябова, Моск. Центр Карнеги, М. 2007Rogoż a. J.: Wybory parlamentarne w Rosji: powrót polityki, Warszawa 07.12.2011, Ośrodek Studiów WschodnichRosja 2000. Koniec i początek epoki?, A. Madziak-Miszewska (red.), Warszawa 2000Rosefi elde S., Russia in the 21st Сentury: The Prodigal Superpower, Cambridge University Press 2005Россия политическая, ред. Л. Шевцовa; Моск. Центр Карнеги, М.: РОССПЭН, 1998Шевцова Л., Режим Бориса Ельцина, Моск. Центр Карнеги, М.: РОССПЭН, 1999.Sakwa R., Putin: Russia’s Choice, NY 2004Skrzypek A, Putinada. Rosja – kraj kierowanej demokracji, Warszawa 2014.Shevtova L., Puins Russia, CarnegieEndowment for International Peace, Waszyngton 2003Шевцова Л., Режим Бориса Ельцина, Моск. Центр Карнеги, М.: РОССПЭН, 199989-10