Analysis of variant collection and treatment of waste water in small municipalities in the case of the municipality Škocjan

V svetu je decentralizacija obdelave komunalne odpadne vode v polnem razmahu, kot tudi njena ponovna uporaba z ločevanjem na samem viru. Na razpršenih podeželskih območjih izkazujejo decentralizirani sistemi v nasprotju s centraliziranimi znatno več koristi. Decentralizacija omogoča lažje ločevanje odpadne vode na viru in njeno ponovno uporabo, kar prinaša prebivalcem finančne koristi, lahko pa poveča tudi lokalno kmetijsko proizvodnjo. Vendar je vprašljivo, ali je primerno uporabljati vodo kot transportni medij fekalij na oddaljeno točko, kjer vodo in fekalije zopet ločimo. Suhi sanitarni sistemi, ki za obdelavo in transport človeških fekalij ne uporabljajo vode, predstavljajo nove nastajajoče tehnologije. V pričujočem delu je narejen pregled decentralizacije obdelave odpadne vode po svetu, kot tudi ločevanja na viru in ponovne uporabe obdelane odpadne vode. Predstavljen je pregled področne zakonodaje v Sloveniji. Predlagana je strategija za naselitveno razpršeno Slovenijo, ki za manjša poselitvena območja uporablja decentralizirani način, naravne sisteme čiščenja in vključuje v odločanje tudi lokalno prebivalstvo. Predlagan je nadzor nad delovanjem sistemov na ravni države ali regij. Predlagana je tudi vzpostavitev ponovne uporabe. Predstavljene so dosedanje aktivnosti glede odvajanja in čiščenja komunalne odpadne vode v občini Škocjan. Za to območje je v nalogi narejena analiza odvajanja in čiščenja komunalne odpadne vode z uporabo štirih modelov. Izbran je model, ki predlaga individualne rešitve za celo območje občine Škocjan, in sicer z uporabo rastlinskih čistilnih naprav, razen tam, kjer je kanalizacija že zgrajena. Pri slednji se predlaga izgradnja skupne rastlinske čistilne naprave.The decentralization of urban wastewater treatment is in the world in full swing, as well as its reuse by separation at its source. In dispersed rural districts the decentralized systems show considerable benefits compared with the centralized ones. Decentralization makes easier the separation of wastewater already at its source and its reuse, bringing to inhabitants financial benefits and it is even likely that it increases the local agricultural production. However, it is questionable to use water as means of transportation for faeces to the distant location, where water and faeces are separated again. Dry sanitary systems not applying water for the treatment and transportation of human faeces, are the new emerging technologies. The present work describes an overview of the decentralized wastewater treatments in the world, as well as separation at the source and its reuse. There is also made an overview of sectoral legislation in Slovenia. Proposed is the strategy for Slovenia with rural dispersed districts, where smaller settlements use the decentralized system, the natural cleaning systems, and involve in decision-making the local population. Proposed is the supervision over the operation of systems on the level of the state or region. Proposed is also the establishment of reuse. Earlier activities with regard to discharge and treatment of urban wastewater in the municipality of Škocjan are presented. For this region four models of collection and treatment of urban wastewater were analyzed. Selected was the model proposing individual solutions for the entire municipality of Škocjan using constructed wetlands, except where the sewage system is already constructed. In that case is proposed to build a common constructed wetland