Multiple pools of reduced carbon can be released during hyperthermals

Numerous transient hyperthermals have been identified in Earth history, and most are associated with a sharp negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE). The CIEs indicate that rapid global warming was at least partly caused by the release of reduced carbon, with methane hydrates, peat deposits and permafrost all being proposed as sources. Much work on hyperthermals, and especially the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), illustrates that rapid global warming caused dramatic changes in the hydrological, erosional and weathering regime. These changes were associated with a marked increase in the mobilisation and transport of soil and terrestrial vegetation, and it is likely that under a warmer climate state at least some of this OM was oxidised, providing a positive feedback on global warming. Here, we present evidence that even reduced carbon reservoirs that are generally perceived as recalcitrant (i.e. kerogen) are also mobilised during such events. Kerogen inputs to marginal marine sediments increased dramatically during both OAE1a and the PETM. This is documented by a shift in biomarker (sterane and hopane) assemblages from thermally immature to mature signatures over short stratigraphic scales. This is indicative of mixing of two distinct organic matter sources, most likely a source contemporaneous with sediment deposition and another older, reworked source. These observations confirm that an increase in hydrological energy during hyperthermals was sufficient to markedly and widely increase sedimentary rock erosion. We suggest that this strong response was particularly due to rapid deviation from steady state conditions. Moreover, erosion and chemical weathering are generally coupled and even ancient kerogens have been shown to be highly oxidisable during shale weathering; thus, these events were likely associated with kerogen oxidation. Although unlikely to have been a major source of additional reduced carbon (