Three-dimensional echocardiography–guided atrial septectomy: An experimental study

AbstractObjectivesThe surgical feasibility of beating-heart atrial septectomy under the guidance of two different types of real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography systems was examined.MethodsA modified real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography system with a ×4 matrix transducer (Sonos 7500; Philips Medical Systems, Andover, Mass) or a mechanical 1-dimensional array transducer (SSD-5500; Aloka Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) was used. Small porcine atrial septal defects (n = 8) were enlarged with a Kerrison bone punch in the tank model. In the animal studies, small atrial septal defects (n = 8) were enlarged with the same device through a transatrial port. In both experiments, the area of the atrial septal defect measured by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography was compared with the area measured directly.ResultsReal-time 3-dimensional echocardiography provided satisfactory images and sufficient anatomic detail for the atrial septectomy in both experimental settings. All the atrial septal defects were successfully enlarged; an increase of as much as 293% of the preoperative atrial septal defect area was achieved in the tank experiment, and an increase of as great as 449% of the preoperative area was achieved in the animal experiment. The size of the atrial shunt was increased significantly after the atrial septectomy relative to that before the surgery (P < .0001). The percentage enlargement of the atrial septal defect measured by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography was strongly correlated with that measured directly (both r2 = 0.997, P < .0001) Bland-Altman analysis showed close agreement between the results obtained by the two measurement methods in both models.ConclusionsReal-time 3-dimensional echocardiography provides satisfactory images and sufficient anatomic detail for atrial septectomy. This experiment demonstrates the surgical feasibility of a beating-heart intracardiac procedure such as atrial septectomy under real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic guidance