The risk of cardiovascular events with increased apolipoprotein CIII: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundApolipoprotein CIII (apoC-III) is an atherogenic protein found on HDL, VLDL and LDL.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to review the literature on the association of blood apoC-III level with cardiovascular events and the dose-response relationship for this association.Methods and resultsMEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, CINAHL, Clinicaltrials.gov, grey-literature sources, contact with investigators, and reference lists of studies, without language restrictions, were reviewed. Twelve studies (5 retrospective and 7 prospective) with a total of 3163 cases of cardiovascular events met inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The pooled standardized mean difference showed significantly higher levels of apoC-III in the non-HDL fraction of plasma (representing apoC-III in VLDL and LDL) in those with cardiovascular disease compared with controls; no difference for apoC-III levels in HDL; and, a trend toward higher total plasma apoC-III in the cases. Pooled risk estimates from the meta-analysis were 2.48 (1.48–4.32; non-HDL apoC-III), 1.09 (0.65–1.82; HDL apoC-III), and 1.33 (1.07–1.66; total apoC-III) for a cardiovascular event with a 5-mg/dL increase in apoC-III.ConclusionsThe current body of literature includes several methodologically sound studies that together provide consistent evidence for an association of cardiovascular events with blood apoC-III level in total plasma or in VLDL and LDL. More data are needed to determine importance of levels of apoC-III in specific lipoproteins for cardiovascular risk assessment and management and to elucidate the interaction between triglycerides and apoC-III in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease