A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools

Woods, A.J.
Antal, A.
Bikson, M.
Boggio, P.S.
Brunoni, A.R.
Celnik, P.
Cohen, L.G.
Fregni, F.
Herrmann, C.S.
Kappenman, E.S.
Knotkova, H.
Liebetanz, D.
Miniussi, C.
Miranda, P.C.
Paulus, W.
Priori, A.
Reato, D.
Stagg, C.
Wenderoth, N.
Nitsche, M.A.

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Publication date

February 2016

DOI

10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012

Publisher

International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

ISSN

1388-2457

Citation count (estimate)

153

Abstract

AbstractTranscranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation (tDCS, tACS) are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques increasingly used for modulation of central nervous system excitability in humans. Here we address methodological issues required for tES application. This review covers technical aspects of tES, as well as applications like exploration of brain physiology, modelling approaches, tES in cognitive neurosciences, and interventional approaches. It aims to help the reader to appropriately design and conduct studies involving these brain stimulation techniques, understand limitations and avoid shortcomings, which might hamper the scientific rigor and potential applications ...