Regulations on Ship Transport and On-board Direct Injection of CO2 into Sub-seabed Geological Formations

AbstractShip based offshore CCS activities need to comply with international and national regulatory frameworks for carbon dioxide storage in sub-seabed geological formations. The 1996 London Protocol is an example of international framework, while the Marine Pollution Prevention Law covers the London Protocol obligations in Japan. They both set a series of guidelines to assess potential impacts to the surrounding marine environment in case of leakage from geological formations. Although both these guidelines are corresponding, there are some differences in specifications including purity of the CO2 stream and monitoring requirements for the operators