Degradation of the antibiotic amoxicillin by photo-Fenton process – Chemical and toxicological assessment

AbstractThe influence of iron species on amoxicillin (AMX) degradation, intermediate products generated and toxicity during the photo-Fenton process using a solar simulator were evaluated in this work. The AMX degradation was favored in the presence of the potassium ferrioxalate complex (FeOx) when compared to FeSO4. Total oxidation of AMX in the presence of FeOx was obtained after 5min, while 15min were necessary using FeSO4. The results obtained with Daphnia magna biossays showed that the toxicity decreased from 65 to 5% after 90min of irradiation in the presence of FeSO4. However, it increased again to a maximum of 100% after 150min, what indicates the generation of more toxic intermediates than AMX, reaching 45% after 240min. However, using FeOx, the inhibition of mobility varied between 100 and 70% during treatment, probably due to the presence of oxalate, which is toxic to the neonates. After 240min, between 73 and 81% TOC removal was observed. Different pathways of AMX degradation were suggested including the opening of the four-membered β-lactamic ring and further oxidations of the methyl group to aldehyde and/or hydroxylation of the benzoic ring, generating other intermediates after bound cleavage between different atoms and further oxidation to carboxylates such acetate, oxalate and propionate, besides the generation of nitrate and ammonium